Hazardous waste

The atmosphere inside waste (hazardous waste) incinerators is complex, characterized by alternating acidic and alkaline gas corrosion and severe temperature fluctuations. Rotary hazardous waste incinerators, in particular, place extremely high demands on the corrosion resistance and thermal shock stability of…

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Lime Industry

Different types of lime kilns—such as rotary kilns, Maerz kilns, and sleeve-type kilns—impose varying requirements on refractory materials. Large-scale lime rotary kilns (600–1,200 t/d) operate with high temperatures and heavy loads in the firing zone, demanding exceptional thermal shock and…

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Non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metal smelting furnaces (such as IsaSmelt furnaces, flash furnaces, anode furnaces, and zinc fuming kilns) operate under extremely complex conditions characterized by the scouring action of high-temperature melts, chemical corrosion from diverse constituents, and frequent temperature fluctuations. The reaction…

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Steel Industry

Secondary refining furnaces—such as RH, AOD, and VOD units—operate under some of the most demanding conditions in steelmaking, characterized by extreme temperatures, rapid thermal cycling, chemical erosion from highly basic slag, and high-velocity impingement by molten steel. Traditional refractory materials…

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Cement Industry

The cement industry is facing unprecedented pressure: production capacities continue to expand (with 10,000 t/d and 12,000 t/d kilns becoming the mainstream), the increased use of alternative fuels creates more demanding operating conditions, and regulations regarding carbon emissions are becoming…

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